The ōdachi is a traditional Japanese sword famous for its exceptional length and its impressive presence on the battlefield during the feudal period.
Also known as the nodachi, this monumental weapon far surpassed the katana and wakizashi in size and weight, and represented a type of sword designed for large-scale combat, especially in open terrain.
Beyond its military use, the ōdachi possesses great cultural and artistic value that reflects the skill of Japanese blacksmiths and samurai military strategy.
Origin and characteristics of the ōdachi
The term ōdachi literally means "great sword" or "big sword".
Its typical length usually exceeds 90 centimeters, sometimes reaching more than one meter.
This long sword has a curved blade, similar to the katana but much longer, and was designed to be used with both hands due to its weight and size.
During the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and especially in the Sengoku period (1467–1615), the ōdachi gained popularity as an infantry and cavalry weapon, ideal for facing enemy formations and clearing roads.
Its length allowed for powerful blows capable of cutting through enemy armor and weapons, making it fearsome in combat.
Manufacturing techniques and challenges of the ōdachi
Forging an ōdachi was a far greater technical challenge than crafting a katana or wakizashi. Its length and weight demanded exceptionally high-quality steel and precise tempering techniques to prevent the sword from bending or breaking during combat.
Japanese blacksmiths used tamahagane steel, subjected to multiple folds, to improve its strength and flexibility.
Furthermore, the differential tempering that generated the characteristic hamon (the temper line visible on the blade) had to be applied with extreme precision to maintain the balance between hardness and strength in such a long blade.
The making of the sheath and the handle was also complex, as they had to support the weight and facilitate the handling of the weapon.
Tactical uses and functions on the battlefield
The ōdachi was not a common weapon for everyday use due to its size and weight, but was reserved for specific combat situations.
In battle, its use was predominant in open fields, where its extended range could be used to attack multiple enemies or dismount enemy cavalry.
The warriors who wielded the ōdachi needed specialized training, as handling such a long sword required strength, technique, and coordination.
Therefore, the ōdachi also became a symbol of power and skill, reserved for high-ranking samurai or special groups within the army.
In some cases, the ōdachi had ceremonial or religious functions. It was used in purification rituals or as an offering in Shinto and Buddhist temples, symbolizing protection and spiritual power.
Famous Example and Historical Legacy
Some famous ōdachi have survived to this day and are exhibited in Japanese museums such as the Tokyo National Museum or the Nagoya Sword Museum.
These pieces are usually classified as National Treasures due to their historical and artistic value.
The Norimitsu Odachi is perhaps the most outstanding example due to its dimensions: at 3.77 meters long and 14.5 kg, it is one of the longest known swords. Forged by the master Norimitsu Osafune in the 15th century and exhibited at Kibitsu Shrine (Kibitsu Jinja), in Okayama Prefecture, Japan , It is still a mystery who could wield this legendary Japanese sword , although it is believed that it was probably not forged for combat, but for ceremonial purposes or as an offering .
The Haja-no-Ontachi It is an exceptionally long ōdachi, considered the longest known, measuring 4.65 meters.
It is kept in the Treasure House of the Hanaoka Hachimangu Shrine (Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi Prefecture).
Donated to the sanctuary in 1859; it is not normally on public display , except on special occasions or with guided tours .
The collection of ōdachi and greatswords at Ōyamazumi Shrine is also noteworthy.
Ōyamazumi-jinja is a shrine famous for its large collection of weapons and armor, including large ōdachi and tachi, many of which are listed as national or important assets.
It is in the Oyamazumi Shrine Treasure Museum (Omishima), where numerous historical pieces are exhibited (including longswords).
A sword imposing in appearance and history
The ōdachi is one of the most impressive and significant swords in the samurai arsenal.
Its colossal size, advanced manufacturing technique, and strategic use make it a symbol of Japanese power and warrior tradition.
Although its handling was complex, its legacy endures as a testament to the craftsmanship and military history of feudal Japan.
